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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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time
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042489
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04248900.068
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1990-09-17
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NATURE, Page 77These Guards Just Love FishDrafting dolphins into the Navy causes an uproarBy Eugene Linden
If the Navy has its way, the Trident nuclear-submarine base at
Bangor, Wash., will soon be guarded by an uncanny underwater
surveillance system. Vastly more powerful than the Navy's most
sophisticated sonar, it can identify real threats to the base,
distinguishing them from the normal cacophony of noise in the cold,
murky waters of Puget Sound. Developed at a cost of nearly $30
million, it can spot and tag intruding divers, making it possible
for them to be intercepted, and can outmaneuver any underwater
machine. Yet just about the only maintenance required is 20 lbs.
of fish a day and an occasional pat. The system, it turns out, is
a squadron of dolphins.
The mere idea that the Navy is drafting marine mammals has
created a furor. A group of 15 organizations concerned with animal
welfare has filed a lawsuit against the Government, charging that
moving the dolphins from their homes in warm southern waters to the
chilly Puget Sound will endanger the animals. Moreover, one of
their former trainers asserts that the Navy has abused the
dolphins. Still other critics question the wisdom of entrusting
the security of the nation's underwater nuclear arsenal to animals,
however clever.
Despite the brouhaha, the Navy is going ahead with its plans
to use the dolphins as guards. Thomas LaPuzza, a spokesman for the
Naval Ocean Systems Center in San Diego, where the dolphins have
been trained, refuses to comment on their mission, which is
classified, but claims they are highly dependable. A thorough
investigation by the federal Marine Mammal Commission cleared NOSC
of charges that it had abused dolphins, and Democrat Norman Dicks,
a Washington State Congressman who sits on the House Defense
Appropriations subcommittee, came away from a classified briefing
on the project reassured that the animals "are more reliable than
anything else we've got for this assignment."
The Navy started training dolphins more than 20 years ago. At
first they were given benign missions like retrieving objects from
the sea bottom and helping in underwater-rescue efforts.
Inevitably, however, it occurred to military planners that the
highly intelligent dolphins, which can swim at speeds of up to 26
m.p.h., dive more than 1,000 ft. and find a vitamin capsule while
blindfolded, might be turned into underwater patrols.
In the late 1960s at the Naval Undersea Center in Point Mugu,
Calif., and then in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, dolphins were trained for
duty in the Viet Nam War. In particular, the animals learned to
attack objects with barbed darts. The plan was to have dolphins
help protect Cam Ranh Bay by sticking darts into enemy divers who
approached. Each dart was attached to a spool of tough thread and
a float. When surface patrols spotted the float, they could reel
in the hooked diver.
The extent to which dolphins were used in the war is classified
information, but rumors persist that they killed enemy divers.
Point Mugu veterans consider it more probable that the animals
helped capture divers alive for interrogation. Upon realizing what
the dolphins' mission would be, some of the trainers begged off
being part of the final preparation of the animals. Says one: "The
whole program was a hideous use of the most benevolent creatures
I ever had the chance to know. To the dolphins, it was all games."
According to people once involved in military dolphin projects,
the animals will be used in Puget Sound in much the same way as
they were in Viet Nam. One probable difference is that the dolphins
will simply mark the location of the intruder or ensnare swimmers
through some means less brutal than darts. Unless war breaks out,
underwater saboteurs at the Trident base are more likely to be
antinuclear protesters or animal-rights activists than enemy
agents. That raises the bizarre possibility that dolphins might
help the Navy arrest dolphin lovers.
Some scientists scoff at the notion that dolphins provide an
effective defense against intruders. Says Stephen Leatherwood, a
Point Mugu alumnus who subsequently spent ten years with NOSC:
"Wouldn't you like to have more reliable protection for your loved
one than an animal who one day might decide that it would rather
be a dolphin than a soldier?" Leatherwood believes these projects
demonstrate capabilities and thus keep research funds flowing,
rather than serve any real operational purpose.
Sadly, whether dolphins make good soldiers or not, their use
by the military puts them under suspicion. Paranoid governments may
feel compelled to kill strange dolphins that suddenly appear in
the vicinity of military installations. Says Leatherwood: "Using
dolphins raises the question about whether we have the right to
involve wild animals of intelligence and perhaps conscience in our
most vile and reprehensible activity, warfare."